Volume 4, Number 51
Monday, December 20, 2004



In this issue: (click heading to view article)
Editorial: Lessons Learned
Lutein and Zeaxanthin in Vegetables May Help Prevent Cataracts
Retinal Vascular Caliber and Blood Flow in CADASIL
Regional and Distant Metastasis with Eyelid and Periocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Briefly











Editorial: Lessons Learned

I recently attended a course at which a practice administrator spoke about the anticipated effects upon Medicare reimbursement post-2008, when Baby Boomers begin to enter the Medicare ranks. Admittedly, we will be providing healthcare to increasing numbers of Medicare recipients, but at what price? Office and surgical volumes will go up, but undoubtedly so will our expenses, while we see reimbursements decrease in an effort to maintain budgetary balance in Washington, DC. This could likely add stress to a system that is already stretched to some limits and effect changes in our practices regarding Medicare recipients that we would heretofore never have imagined.

The next few years will be critical for ophthalmology. I would predict a far different potential outcome if we approach this critical time passively, rather than actively engage ourselves in the process. Let’s face it--as ophthalmic surgeons, we perform the most commonly reimbursed procedure that Medicare covers. Consequently, we will in all likelihood be in the cross-hairs again. This time, let’s get our practices involved in this process ahead of the curve. Admittedly, we may not agree with the outcome--but if we remain the strongest advocates for patients and for fair reimbursement, we just may feel a bit better about ourselves and our chosen profession.

Happy Holidays to all.

Stephen E. Pascucci, MD
Medical Editor
[email protected]

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Lutein and Zeaxanthin in Vegetables May Help Prevent Cataracts

Epidemiological studies suggest that consumption of vegetables rich in the xanthophylls lutein (LUT) and zeaxanthin (ZEA) reduces the risk for developing age-related cataract, a leading cause of vision loss. Although LUT and ZEA are the only dietary carotenoids present in the lens, direct evidence for their photoprotective effect in this organ is not available. A study by the Ohio State University Interdisciplinary PhD Program in Nutrition and Department of Human Nutrition examined the effects of xanthophylls and alpha-tocopherol (alpha-TC) on lipid peroxidation and the mitogen-activated stress signaling pathways in human lens epithelial (HLE) cells following ultraviolet B light (UVB) irradiation.

When presented with LUT, ZEA, astaxanthin (AST) and alpha-TC as methyl-beta-cyclodextrin complexes, HLE cells accumulated the lipophiles in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, with uptake of LUT exceeding that of ZEA and AST. Pre-treatment of cultures with either xanthophyll or alpha-TC for four hours before exposure to UVB radiation decreased lipid peroxidation by 47 to 57 percent, compared with UVB-treated control HLE cells. Pre-treatment with the xanthophylls and alpha-TC also inhibited UVB-induced activation of c-JUN NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 by 50 to 60 percent and 25 to 32 percent, respectively. There was substantial inhibition of UVB-induced JNK and p38 activation for cells containing less than 0.20 and approximately 0.30 nmol xanthophylls/mg, respectively, whereas greater than 2.3 nmol alpha-TC/mg protein was required to significantly decrease UVB-induced stress signaling. These data suggest that xanthophylls are more potent than alpha-TC for protecting human lens epithelial cells against UVB insult.

The authors believe that their results are the first to provide physical evidence suggesting that lutein and zeaxanthin decrease damage caused by UV radiation.

SOURCE: Chitchumroonchokchai C, Bomser JA, Glamm JE, Failla ML. Xanthophylls and {alpha}-tocopherol decrease UVB-induced lipid peroxidation and stress signaling in human lens epithelial cells. J Nutr 2004;134(12):3225-32.
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Retinal Vascular Caliber and Blood Flow in CADASIL

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a progressive systemic nonatherosclerotic angiopathy that causes ischemic strokes and vascular subcortical dementia. Investigators at Finland’s Helsinki University Central Hospital performed a cross-sectional study to examine retinal vascular caliber and blood flow in CADASIL.

Researchers used scanning laser Doppler flowmetry in a case-control study (11 patients and controls) of peripapillary retinal circulation. They used automated full-field perfusion image analysis to analyze the flow data. They measured retinal vessel calibers from retinal images acquired with scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and measured the caliber of the superior and inferior temporal retinal artery and vein 1 and 2 mm from the disc rim. The mean values were used for analysis.

Retinal capillary peak systolic flow was lower, and mean capillary flow and minimum diastolic flow tended to be lower in patients than in controls. No significant difference in the calibers of proximal retinal arteries and veins was found between the patients and controls. The authors conclude that retinal capillary blood flow is mildly to moderately reduced in CADASIL, but that the reduction does not appear to cause major ischemic injury. Such reduction is analogous to that in the cerebral cortex in CADASIL patients with which retina appears to share its relative sparing from severe arterial ischemic tissue damage.

SOURCE: Harju M, Tuominen S, Summanen P, et al. Scanning laser Doppler flowmetry shows reduced retinal capillary blood flow in CADASIL. Stroke 2004;35(11):2449-52.
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Regional and Distant Metastasis with Eyelid and Periocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma

The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston conducted a retrospective case series study aimed at determining the frequency and location of regional lymph node metastasis in patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the eyelid and periocular skin. Patterns of distant metastasis were also investigated.

The study included 111 patients treated at the cancer center for SCC of the eyelid and periocular skin between 1952 and 2000. Clinical records of all patients were retrospectively reviewed for age, gender, location of lesion, treatment modalities, patterns of regional nodal and distant metastasis and perineural invasion. Follow-up time ranged from six to 484 months (median, 76.6 months).

The most common sites of SCC were the lower eyelid (54 patients, 48.6 percent), the medial canthus (40 patients, 36 percent), and the upper eyelid (25 patients, 22.5 percent). Local treatment of SCC consisted of wide local excision with frozen section analysis to ensure negative margins in 96 patients (86.4 percent), radiotherapy (without surgery) in seven patients, and primary exenteration because of extensive tumor in seven patients. Local recurrence occurred in 41 patients (36.9 percent). Twenty-seven patients (24.3 percent) had regional nodal metastasis during the study period. Sixteen of these patients had regional lymph node metastasis at the time of the initial presentation to the cancer center. Eleven developed regional nodal disease later. Seven patients (6.2 percent) had distant metastasis during the study period, and nine patients (8.1 percent) had perineural invasion.

This study results indicate that the overall rate of regional lymph node metastasis in patients with SCC of the eyelid or periocular skin may be as high as 24 percent. Thus, careful surveillance of the regional lymph nodes is an important aspect of the initial management of eyelid or periocular skin SCC. The authors recommend that practitioners consider studying sentinel lymph node biopsy as a technique to stage SCC of the eyelid or periocular skin more accurately, especially in patients with recurrent, large or highly invasive lesions or with perineural invasion.

SOURCE: Faustina M, Diba R, Ahmadi MA, et al. Patterns of regional and distant metastasis in patients with eyelid and periocular squamous cell carcinoma. Ophthalmol 2004;111(10):1930-2.
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BRIEFLY
  • VISX CUSTOMVUE HYPEROPIA PROCEDURE APPROVED BY THE FDA. VISX, Inc., has received FDA approval to treat hyperopia and astigmatism with its VISX CustomVue laser vision correction procedure. The procedure, which employs the company’s WaveScan System, is the first U.S.-approved wavefront-guided laser treatment for hyperopia. The WaveScan captures a comprehensive "fingerprint" of each eye and generates an individualized treatment for each CustomVue procedure. VISX clinical study results exceeded all of the FDA required measurements for safety and effectiveness. A six-month evaluation of clinical study participants showed that more than four times as many people were very satisfied with their night vision after the VISX CustomVue Hyperopia procedure, compared to their night vision before with glasses or contacts.
  • NDA ACCEPTED FOR B&L’S RETISERT IMPLANT FOR UVEITIS. The FDA has accepted for review Bausch & Lomb’s New Drug Application (NDA) for its patented Retisert intravitreal implant for non-infectious uveitis affecting the posterior segment of the eye. The implant is designed to deliver to the back of the eye a sustained release of fluocinolone acetonide for up to three years. The NDA has Fast Track status, designed to allow for priority review of novel therapies for serious diseases for which there is an unmet medical need; Retisert has also received FDA Orphan Drug designation for this indication. Bausch & Lomb’s application was selected to participate in the FDA’s Continuous Marketing Application Pilot 1 Program, which is intended to speed review by permitting reviewable units of the application to be submitted individually on a progressive basis and obtaining early feedback from FDA on each unit. The company expects to receive FDA notification of the application status by spring 2005.
  • GENVEC EXPANDS PEDF RIGHTS FOR ALL OCULAR DISEASES. Maryland-based GenVec, Inc., has obtained an exclusive license from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) covering worldwide rights to develop and commercialize products using Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor (PEDF) protein for all ocular indications, including the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases. The license expands the portfolio of patents previously licensed by GenVec, which already includes the PEDF gene, and covers broad composition of matter rights and related methods of use. Results from GenVec"s Phase I dose-escalation safety study of PEDF in patients with severe AMD were reported recently at first joint session of the AAO and the European Ophthalmology Society. GenVec plans to test PEDF in patients with less severe disease to further assess the improvements seen in retinal appearance and visual acuity. For more information, go to www.genvec.com.

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