Volume 6, Number 11
Monday, March 20, 2006



In this issue: (click heading to view article)
Editorial: Valuing Our Services
Subjective Visual Difficulties with Car Driving vs. Objective Visual Function after Cataract Surgery
Visual Function and Ocular Features in Children with ADHD
Relationship Between Optic Disk Cupping and Retinal Vein Occlusion
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Editorial: Valuing Our Services

Recently, I saw new patient in my office who presented with a progressive change in vision. He had been aware for years that he had a cataract, and he now believed it was time to consider surgery. What complicated the matter, though, was that he had lost his other eye to trauma at age 8, so he was quite fearful of proceeding with surgery. However, he admitted that he was having distinct difficulties with seeing figures--he was an accountant and had essentially delegated driving the car to his wife.

At some length, I discussed with him various strategies I thought would help optimize his chances of a successful outcome. He scheduled the procedure. As it turned out, his health insurance deductible was very high, and he hadn’t yet met the limit. That meant he would have to pay for the surgery and the facility fees himself. Not only did he need to know pricing but, being an accountant, he wanted to evaluate the specific charges as well. When he learned what I would receive based upon Medicare rates, he was appalled. By all measures, this gentleman was quite successful financially. It was clear that he understood the value of my services--and it was equally clear that he thought I would be underpaid for them. Although this was flattering, it also made me think about how ophthalmologists and other physicians have been financially battered in the time since I began practicing 17 years ago.

It seems that we have allowed ourselves to be lumped into the category of technologists. As we know, the price of technology tends to drop over time, as is evident with the prices of computers, digital cameras, flat screen TVs and the like. We have seen the same in terms of surgery, whether it’s LASIK, cataract surgery or retinal surgery. As the results and the technology improve, we have increasingly felt downward pressure on our fees.

Let’s not forget about the substantial cerebral activity involved in surgery planning and execution and in post-surgical care. It seems to me that "brain power" does not get discounted as readily as technical expertise. Certainly, my accountant and lawyer have not reduced their fees over the past decade, and I pay them to think. Patients pay us to think as well--not just to do. Those lasers, keratomes, phacoemulsification units and vitrectors are useless without our experience, training and intelligence.

Stephen E. Pascucci, MD
Medical Editor
[email protected]

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Subjective Visual Difficulties with Car Driving vs. Objective Visual Function after Cataract Surgery

Five years after cataract surgery, most active drivers have excellent visual acuity and no difficulty with daytime driving and distance estimation, but a large proportion of them experience difficulties while driving at night, according to a study by Umea University, Sweden.

The prospective outcomes study examined 189 active drivers who had cataract surgery five years before the start of the study. Researchers measured visual acuity and low-contrast visual acuity (LCVA) and administered a questionnaire with driving-specific questions (VF-14 based). The results were compared with data before and after surgery.

Five years after cataract surgery, only a small proportion of patients (3 percent) drove without fulfilling the visual requirements. Few patients (5 percent) reported visual difficulties while driving in daylight, but a large proportion (43 percent) experienced difficulties in darkness, with glare being the most common problem. There was a statistically significant association between an LCVA of less than 20/50 and reporting subjective visual difficulties while driving (OR, 2.6; 95 percent CI, 1.1 to 6.8). Women had 1.8 times the odds of reporting visual difficulties compared with men (95 percent CI, 1.0 to 3.5).

The results suggest an adjusted association between LCVA and self-assessed visual difficulties while driving five years after cataract surgery. The authors maintain that the data confirm the importance of LCVA in relation to driving, especially in darkness.

SOURCE: Monestam E, Lundqvist B. Long-time results and associations between subjective visual difficulties with car driving and objective visual function 5 years after cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 2006;32(1):50-5.
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Visual Function and Ocular Features in Children with ADHD

Researchers in Sweden investigated the visual function and ocular features of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in an effort to establish whether treatment with stimulants is reflected in functioning of the visual system.

The researchers performed detailed ophthalmologic evaluations without and with stimulants in 42 children (37 boys, 5 girls) with ADHD, with a mean age of 12 years, and compared them with a reference group of 50 children (44 boys, 6 girls) without ADHD, with a mean age of 11.9 years. For a comparison between two groups, Mann-Whitney"s U-test was used for ordered and continuous variables; for dichotomous variables, Fisher"s exact test was used. For paired comparison (with and without treatment), sign test was used.

In all, 83 percent of ADHD children without treatment had visual acuity of greater than 0.8 (less than 0.1 logMAR), and 90 percent with stimulant treatment had similar acuity. Heterophoria was found in 29 percent without and in 27 percent with stimulants, and subnormal stereovision (greater than 60 seconds of arc) in 26 percent without stimulants and in 27 percent with stimulants. Abnormal convergence (greater than 6 cm or absent) was noted in 24 percent without treatment and in 17 percent with treatment. Astigmatism (1.00D or more) was observed in 24 percent, and signs of visuoperceptual problems in 21 percent. Investigators found smaller optic discs (8 of 38) and neuroretinal rim areas (7 of 38), and decreased tortuosity of retinal arteries (6 of 34) than those of controls.

The authors concluded that children with ADHD have a high frequency of ophthalmologic findings that are not significantly improved with stimulants. The children presented subtle morphological changes of the optic nerve and retinal vasculature, indicating an early disturbance of the development of these structures.

SOURCE: Gronlund MA, Aring E, Landgren M, Hellstrom A. Visual function and ocular features in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, with and without treatment with stimulants. Eye 2006; Mar 3 [Epub ahead of print].
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Relationship Between Optic Disk Cupping and Retinal Vein Occlusion

Cup-to-disk ratio is a significant predictor of risk of incident retinal vein occlusion (RVO), according to a prospective epidemiologic study by the University of Wisconsin.

In a population-based prospective study in Beaver Dam, WI, investigators determined optic disk cupping and RVO from retinal photographs of 4,926 adults aged 43 to 86 years at baseline, and administered a standardized medical examination and questionnaire to all participants. The main outcome measure was the 10-year cumulative incidence of RVO.

Fifty-eight people developed incident RVO at five (31) or 10 (27) years after the baseline examination. Those sustaining RVO were older, had higher intraocular pressure (IOP) and were more likely to have definite or probable glaucoma at the baseline examination. The odds of having an incident RVO increased with increasing cup-to-disk ratio at baseline (odds ratio [OR] = 1.29/0.1 increase in cup-to-disk ratio, 95 percent confidence interval 1.07, 1.56), while controlling for age, systolic blood pressure, current smoking, diabetes status and IOP. Investigators found a similar OR after excluding those with glaucoma. Excluding those with central (as opposed to branch) vein occlusion had no significant effect on the OR.

SOURCE: Klein BE, Meuer SM, Knudtson MD, Klein R. The relationship of optic disk cupping to retinal vein occlusion: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Am J Ophthalmol 2006; Mar 7 [Epub ahead of print].
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BRIEFLY
  • AMO PLEDGES $1 MILLION FOR ASCRS-SPONSORED REFRACTIVE LENTICULAR SCIENCE RESEARCH Advanced Medical Optics (AMO) has pledged $1 million to support research in refractive lenticular science sponsored by the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery (ASCRS) Foundation, according to I. Howard Fine, MD, ASCRS Foundation Chairman. The foundation funds ophthalmic research, public education and charitable activities in the developing world; it is supported by unrestricted donations from ASCRS members and the ophthalmic industry. Fine said that the foundation hopes other industry participants will join AMO in offering resources and support to the ASCRS Foundation program. For more information on AMO, go to www.amo-inc.com. For more information on the ASCRS Foundation, go to www.ascrs.org/Foundation.
  • INSITE VISION ANNOUNCES AZASITE TRIAL DATA. InSite Vision has announced results from the second of two required Phase III clinical trials to evaluate the safety and efficacy of AzaSite anti-infective eye drops (1.0% azithromycin solution in DuraSite) in patients with bacterial conjunctivitis. In the study, patients treated with AzaSite had a significantly higher clinical resolution rate (the trial"s primary efficacy endpoint) and a significantly higher bacterial eradication rate (a secondary endpoint) than those receiving placebo. The study also showed that AzaSite was safe and well-tolerated.
  • RHEO DOES IMPROVE VISION, SAYS OCCULOGIX. Canadian drug maker OccuLogix, Inc., has announced that revised results from a recent study of its Rheo age-related macular degeneration (AMD) treatment were better than originally thought, although regulators may require the company to do more testing. In early February, OccuLogix announced that its treatment for the dry form of AMD failed a late-stage clinical trial, according to a preliminary data analysis. But the company recently corrected that announcement, saying that results showed that Rheo did significantly improve vision in trial patients, once adjustments were made to the data to exclude those who did not adhere to the course of treatment or had documented vision changes unrelated to retinal diseases. The follow-up analysis showed patients treated with Rheo reported a mean vision gain of 0.8 lines after a year of use vs. a decline of 0.1 lines in the placebo group. OccuLogix says it believes that the FDA will require further study before approving the drug.
  • ALCON AND ALLERGAN SETTLE PATENT CHARGES. Allergan and Alcon have agreed to settle two lawsuits over patent infringement charges filed by Allergan. The first, filed in Delaware, involved patents covering Allergan"s Alphagan glaucoma treatment. Allergan charged that Alcon violated patents by pursuing products that contained brimonidine, the active ingredient in Alphagan. Under the settlement, Alcon will receive a license from Allergan on September 30, 2009, for its product Polyquad, and will pay royalties on U.S. sales. The agreement allows Alcon to enter the brimonidine market nearly 10 years before patents expire. The second lawsuit, filed in California, involved alleged infringement of patents for an eye antibiotic that Alcon had believed was meant to target its Vigamox product. Allergan says that it has decided to drop the second lawsuit as part of the overall settlement, in light of the potential litigation costs.


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